The European Union has made no secret of its desire to be the world’s “digital regulator” and it has had some success. CEPA’s new project, “Mapping the Brussels Effect,” shows the spread of the EU’s tech regulations across the world. The map shows that there is an appetite for digital rules in many nations outside the EU.

The map illustrates the spread of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) across the globe, highlighting countries at different stages of adoption, from initial discussions to fully enacted legislation.

A year ago, European regulators seemed on a roll, expecting their new tech antitrust rules to spread Brussels effect-style around the globe. Today, the landscape looks quite different. US judges declined to break up Google and rejected charges against Meta. A new US administration has stepped away from antitrust enforcement. The UK, South Korea, and Japan have narrowed the scope of their regulations or stepped away from enforcement. CEPA is updating our DMA map to reflect these changes.

CEPA’s DMA map aims to help researchers and policymakers understand the scope of the EU’s global regulatory footprint. It will be updated on a quarterly basis. New maps are under preparation for other key European digital regulations, such as the Digital Services Act and the General Data Protection Regulation. The data are compiled from legal publications, reliable reportage, and source documents. If you see something about which you would like to inform us, please email TechPol@cepa.org.

The Digital Markets Act

What is it?

The DMA is a European competition law. Its goal is to spark competition in markets dominated by Silicon Valley giants.¹ The act targets six “gatekeepers”: Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta, and Microsoft, aiming to reshape app stores, online advertising, e-commerce, messaging services, and other digital tools. In the view of European regulators, these giant technology firms have generated enormous growth and innovation — but they also dominate digital markets and squeeze competition.

Why Does it Matter?

The DMA introduces ex ante, or “before the fact,” rules for companies to follow. The European Commission no longer has to wait for a breach of the rules to occur before making its case but rather can insist that companies prove how compliance will happen. So, for example, Apple and Google must allow more interoperability for devices.

The stakes are high. Many countries beyond Europe share similar views on regulating Big Tech. Japan and the United Kingdom (UK), among others, have already adopted similar rules and several larger countries including India and Brazil are actively considering following suit.

Countries

Australia

DMA Status: Early discussion of new rules

Australia is considering ex ante competition regulations similar in nature to those in the Digital Markets Act.²³ In June 2025, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has released its final report on the Digital Platform Services Inquiry.⁴ Its recommendations include rules on self-preferencing, bundling, and interoperability plus gatekeeper-level designation.

Brazil 

DMA Status: Similar rules proposed

The Brazilian National Congress will consider an updated version of the Digital Markets Law, which would create competition regulations for digital platforms.⁵ The bill would designate platforms that generate a global annual revenue of at least US $9.5 billion as “a relevant economic agent in digital markets,” similar to the gatekeeper designation.⁶ The bill lacks a definition for “fair competition,” but would give the government the power to impose fines of up to 20% of the total national revenue on any platform that violates its regulations. The Bill was introduced on September 17, 2025, but has no scheduled voting date yet. 

Canada 

DMA Status: Similar rules proposed

In 2022, Canada’s Competition Bureau submitted comments on the country’s Competition Bill, which outlined reforms for regulating “digital giants,” described as having a high degree of influence in various sectors of the economy.⁷ However, after Prime Minister Justin Trudeau resigned, the bill died in parliament. The Competition Bureau held a consultation on its proposed Anti-Competitive Conduct and Agreements Enforcement Guidelines, which ended January 29, 2026. ⁸ The guidelines would establish a cohesive approach enforcing sections of the Competition Act that deal with anti-competitive conduct and agreements, such as self-preferencing, market restriction, excessive and unfair pricing, information sharing, agreements between competitors, and exclusive dealing.

China 

DMA Status: None

Chinese authorities have launched an antitrust crackdown targeting major tech companies, amending the country’s Anti-Monopoly Law accordingly.^{9 10} As major Chinese tech companies are subject to government control and the Chinese Communist Party supports the creation of global leaders in tech, the rule changes should be treated with skepticism.¹¹

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

DMA Status: Similar Rules Proposed

In December 2025, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, known as COMESA, introduced major changes to its competition framework. It introduces a “gatekeepers” designation for firms that enjoy an “entrenched and durable position in their operations.” Gatekeepers face DMA-style restrictions on self-preferencing and price parity clauses. Mergers for companies with over $60 million in revenue also face enhanced scrutiny. Pursuant to article 5(2)(b) of the COMESA treaty, all members must take “all appropriate measures” to fulfill the actions of the COMESA commission. This article operates similarly to the European Union Treaty’s loyalty principle.¹² The implementation of the rules at the national level remains to be seen.

Members of COMESA include Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eswatini, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.  

European Union

DMA Status: Digital Markets Act applies

All European Union members are subject to the Digital Markets Act.

Iceland

DMA Status: Digital Markets Act applies

As a member of the European Free Trade Area, Iceland is subject to the Digital Markets Act.

India

DMA Status: Early Discussion of New Rules

India withdrew its Digital Competition Bill in August 2025, proposed in 2024 by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), after pushback from US and domestic tech firms.¹³ The bill directly targeted online search engines and digital platforms and, like the Digital Markets Act, identified “Systematically Significant Digital Enterprises,” limited self-preferencing, and required marketplaces to permit access for third-party apps.¹⁴ Now, the MCA has commissioned a study to collect evidence on how digital market regulation should be implemented in India before revisiting the bill.¹⁵

Indonesia 

DMA Status: Early discussion of new rules

The Ministry of Communication and Informatics has discussed rules for regulating digital platforms, explicitly referencing both the Digital Markets Act and Digital Services Act.¹⁶ 

Japan

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

Japan’s Mobile Software Competition Act (MSCA) and the Smartphone Software Competition Promotion Act (SSCP) became fully effective on December 18, 2025, establishing preemptive digital regulatory rules. ¹⁷ The Japanese rules are narrower than the DMA, currently targeting only two companies — Google and Apple — on payment and operating system interoperability. Apple released iOS updates to comply with the MSCA in December 2025.¹⁸

Kazakhstan

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

In 2023, Kazakhstan passed the Law on Internet Advertising and Online Platforms, which contains elements regulating how digital platforms can operate in the country, including a ban on user profiling and reporting requirements depending on the size of the user base.¹⁹ The more far-reaching elements of the Digital Markets Act are missing. In 2025, Kazakhstan imposed a 16% value added tax on foreign internet companies operating in the country.²⁰

Liechtenstein

DMA Status: Digital Markets Act applies

As a member of the European Free Trade Area, Liechtenstein is subject to the Digital Markets Act.

Malaysia

DMA Status: Early discussion of new rules

In August 2024, the Malaysia Competition Commission announced a market review of the impacts of the digital economy ecosystem.²¹²²  It targets many of the same large tech firms listed in the Digital Markets Act, namely digital platforms serving consumers directly, digital advertising companies, and search engine operators. In February 2026, the Market Review was published, with recommendations to increase scrutiny of large dominant digital platforms on digital advertising and E-commerce.²³

Mexico

DMA Status: Similar rules proposed  

In February 2024, Mexico’s Federal Economic Competition Commission published a report outlining the state of competition in e-commerce markets — a narrower scope than the Digital Markets Act.²⁴ The report concluded that there is no “effective competition” as, together, Amazon and Mercado Libre have an 85% market share.²⁵ The report proposes policies to tackle barriers to entry for newcomers.²⁶ While the report is not an act of parliament, it does direct government agencies within the Mexican executive to implement its orders, such as limitations on self-preferencing, transparency requirements as to providers and downstream operators, and limits on the use of premium membership. 

Morocco

DMA Status: Early discussions of new rules

Senior officials in Morocco’s High Authority for Audiovisual Communication have made statements hinting at upcoming digital regulations that could mirror the Digital Markets Act.²⁷ The head of the agency stated, “Morocco, as other African countries, is making sustained efforts to build a regulatory capacity capable of framing the various dimensions of Big Tech’s actions.” Officials have yet to share any details about those efforts.

New Zealand

DMA Status: New Rules Proposed

In June 2025, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment of New Zealand released a package of reforms to the 1986 Commerce Act, including new antitrust rules.²⁸ The report calls for revising competition law to tackle market concentration in digital markets.

Nigeria

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

IIn January 2022, Nigerian regulators amended the 2018 Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act with regulations to target data access and the digital economy. This amendment includes sections on self-preferencing, market capitalization, and other perceived anti-competitive behaviors.²⁹³⁰

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Norway

DMA Status: Digital Markets Act applies

As a member of the European Free Trade Area, Norway is subject to the Digital Markets Act.

South Africa

DMA Status: Similar Rules Proposed

In February 2026, the South African Competition Commission issued guidance for online platforms on its interpretation of its Competition Act. The document identifies “platforms with market power” and focuses on issues such as price parity clauses, self-preferencing, and systems interoperability, mirroring the DMA.³¹

South Korea

DMA Status: Similar rules proposed

South Korea’s Online Platform Fairness Act remains under review as of February 2026. The scope of the bill is narrower than the DMA, focusing on fairness in platform-merchant relations and includes lower penalties for violators. It lacks the DMA’s interoperability requirements. However, the bill does include a ban on self-preferencing, creates monetary thresholds for “dominant online platforms,” places rules on mergers, and introduces new reporting requirements.³² According to Korean officials, these thresholds and criteria are still under consideration. Homegrown firms Naver and Kakao are in scope for the Online Platform Fairness Act.³³

Switzerland

DMA Status: Early discussion of new rules

Historically, Switzerland has a series of bilateral agreements with the EU to ensure access to the European single market. The Digital Markets Act has not been included in these agreements.

However, in October 2025, the Federal Council released a draft and public consultation of its new law to “strengthen the rights of users in the digital space.” The law will impose new compliance requirements and an internal complaints procedure but stops short of DMA-like fines or gatekeepers targeting.³⁴

Thailand

DMA Status: Similar rules proposed

In June 2025, Thailand’s cabinet paused implementation of the Platform Economy Act, which mirrors the DMA’s gatekeeper designation and would require additional reporting from platforms with more than US$2.8 million in annual revenue or more than 10,000 monthly Thai users. The Office of Trade Competition Commission is expected to release a revised draft to the public, but the expected date of release and whether ex-ante regulations will be included is unclear.³⁵

Turkey 

DMA Status: Early discussion of new rules

The Turkish Draft Regulation on Amending Law on the Protection of Competition has been under consideration since June 2024.³⁶ Both the Turkish Competition Authority and industry stakeholders have been actively involved in consultations, with a focus on regulating perceived anti-competitive practices by dominant digital platforms.³⁷ Even in the absence of new legislation, Turkey’s Competition Authority has demonstrated a willingness to go after US tech giants, fining Google $8.9M for violating existing antitrust law related to search preferencing.³⁸

United Kingdom

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

In September 2024, the United Kingdom enacted the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act, which creates rules for large digital platforms.³⁹ The act is a more flexible version of the Digital Markets Act, giving enforcers greater discretion to narrow or expand the breadth of investigations on a case-by-case basis. A new unit in the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) now administers ex ante rules for firms with “strategic market status.” The CMA can determine which firms fit that designation on a case-by-case basis and impacted firms must follow “conduct requirements” as prescribed by the CMA. The CMA was also given fining powers of up to 10% of global revenues, or 20% for repeat offenders. The Competition and Markets Authority issued the first fine for noncompliance under the new law in February 2026 against a parking company.⁴⁰

United States

DMA Status: None

The US has stepped back from antitrust enforcement. While the first Trump and Biden administrations pursued antitrust cases against major US tech firms like Google, Meta, and Apple, the current administration is friendlier to big tech.⁴¹ The US opposes the Digital Markets Act, labeling it a non-tariff barrier and accusing the EU of intentionally targeting American firms with punitive fines.⁴² 

Uzbekistan

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

On August 3, 2024, Uzbekistan’s Resolution No. 256 went into effect.⁴³⁴⁴ The resolution specifically references large digital platforms though it is not a strictly ex ante regulation.⁴⁵ Uzbekistan’s approach is notable for its extraterritorial provisions, applying obligations to digital platforms even beyond national borders. The impact of rulings from Uzbekistan remains an open question.

Vietnam

DMA Status: Similar rules adopted

In December 2025, Vietnam passed its Digital Transformation Law.⁴⁶ The final version did not include the DMA-style ex ante regulatory framework after significant pushback from industry stakeholders against the draft law of the bill. The Bill will come into effect as of July 1, 2026.⁴⁷

Acknowledgments

We extend our sincere gratitude to Rachel Wolbers and Kaitlyn Garman, Senior Fellow for CEPA’s Tech Policy Program, for their feedback and research contributions to this report. We would also like to thank Jack Galloway, the Program Assistant for the Tech Policy Program, for his contributions to the updated version of this map.

---

This webpage is up to date as of April 7, 2026. The original version of this map was published on March 19, 2025. CEPA’s Tech Policy Program will release an updated version of this map quarterly.

Ronan Murphy is Director of the Tech Policy Program at the Center for European Policy Analysis.

Bandwidth is CEPA’s online journal dedicated to advancing transatlantic cooperation on tech policy. All opinions expressed on Bandwidth are those of the author alone and may not represent those of the institutions they represent or the Center for European Policy Analysis. CEPA maintains a strict intellectual independence policy across all its projects and publications.

Tech 2030

A Roadmap for Europe-US Tech Cooperation

Learn More

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