Russia’s heavy reliance on its rail network for military logistics has highlighted the crucial role of transportation systems during conflicts. And how vulnerable — rail is by its nature a long, fixed system almost impossible to defend at all times. Saboteurs, be they on foot or commanding a drone, find rich opportunities for destruction.
Russia’s senior leaders may be extremely nasty, but they aren’t stupid. They know that NATO’s European allies also rely heavily on integrated transportation networks to move troops, equipment, and supplies. Without these systems, the alliance would be unable to deploy reinforcements to oppose or deter a Russian invasion. Meanwhile, there are growing signals that Russia is already testing its destructive skills on Western networks through sabotage and cyber-attacks.
Rail’s vulnerability is underlined by its centralized nature and length (as noted above) but also because it relies on key nodes, bridges, and junctions that serve as chokepoints. This makes it a prime target for disruption, as France learned from suspected Russian sabotage against its own rail networks that marred the opening ceremony of the Paris Olympics this year. Germany too has suffered a series of attacks
The lessons learned from Ukraine’s own campaign to degrade Russia’s rail system offer a blueprint for European nations to protect their own transportation networks.
- Strengthening physical security at key points — European countries must enhance the security of their rail networks, particularly at key nodes like signaling points, bridges, and junctions. Critical hubs, such as major railway depots, maintenance yards, and switching stations, should be prioritized. These areas are pivotal to keeping the network operational and present vulnerabilities that could be exploited. Increasing physical surveillance, employing specialized security personnel, and establishing rapid response teams will reduce the risk of sabotage.
- Improving cybersecurity to protect transportation control systems — Modern transportation networks are increasingly reliant on digital control systems. Cyber-attacks on these systems can cause Europe-wide disruption. Countries should invest in cybersecurity measures to protect the rail-control digital infrastructure, such as switching stations, signaling systems, and automated control systems. Regular cybersecurity audits, implementing advanced encryption protocols, and enhancing collaboration between cyber defense agencies are key steps in reducing vulnerabilities.
- Using modern technology for real-time monitoring— European governments should integrate advanced technologies, such as satellite surveillance, drone reconnaissance, and sensors, to monitor critical infrastructure. This real-time monitoring will allow for rapid detection of potential sabotage activities and enable quick responses to prevent large-scale disruption. Developing a centralized command center to coordinate sensor information will provide a more comprehensive view of potential threats.
- Enhancing interagency and international collaboration — Protecting transportation networks from sabotage requires close cooperation between national security agencies, intelligence services, and law enforcement. European countries should continue building robust coordination mechanisms that allow for the timely sharing of intelligence on potential threats. Furthermore, enhancing collaboration with NATO, the European Union, and Ukraine to monitor and address transportation infrastructure vulnerabilities will strengthen collective security efforts.
- Promoting public awareness and civil defense participation — Citizens should be engaged to identify and report potential sabotage attempts. Countries can develop public awareness campaigns that educate citizens about the importance of protecting transportation infrastructure and encourage them to make contact if they see something of concern.
- Developing contingency plans for rapid repairs — As seen in the case of Russia’s rail network, even minor disruption can have significant logistical knock-on consequences. European nations should continue preparing contingency plans for the rapid repair of transportation infrastructure in the event of sabotage. This could include pre-positioning repair materials and equipment near critical infrastructure points, training specialized teams for swift restoration, and conducting regular drills to ensure readiness.
This program of improved physical security, better cybersecurity and use of technology, enhancing interagency collaboration, and involving the public, would rapidly deliver dividends.
What must be avoided at all costs is the continuation of business as usual. During the Cold War, the Soviets had developed plans to attack NATO states behind the lines. The problem has only worsened with more porous borders and easily available encrypted communications. Inaction is an open invitation to a ruthless enemy.
Doug Livermore is the President of Livermore Strategic Solutions Ltd. and the Deputy Commander for Special Operations Detachment – Joint Special Operations Command in the North Carolina Army National Guard. In addition to his role as the Director of Engagements for the Irregular Warfare Initiative, he is the National Director of External Communications for the Special Forces Association, National Vice President for the Special Operations Association of America, Director of Development of the Corioli Institute, and serves as Chair of the Advisory Committee for No One Left Behind.
Disclaimer: The views expressed are the author’s and do not represent official US Government, Department of Defense, or Department of the Army positions.
Europe’s Edge is CEPA’s online journal covering critical topics on the foreign policy docket across Europe and North America. All opinions expressed on Europe’s Edge are those of the author alone and may not represent those of the institutions they represent or the Center for European Policy Analysis. CEPA maintains a strict intellectual independence policy across all its projects and publications.
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